Tort Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tort Law - Case Study Example Charman argued that the book was defamatory. The judge decided that the book as a whole would mean that Charman had abused his position by committing substantial fraud as a police officer in collusion with a fraudster from whom Charman and a fellow police officer received payments. The judge find the defence of qualified privilege without merit stating that although the problem of corruption in the police force was a matter of public interest, the subject books were neither "reportage" nor responsible journalism because the author's approach was not able to achieve the necessary neutral balance. Both the appellants argued that the judge committed an error in rejecting the responsible journalism defence. In allowing the appeal, the court ruled that the reportage defence would be established where the effect of the report as a whole was not to adopt the truth of what was being said but to record the fact that the statements that were defamatory were made.2 The instant case was a long way from the confines of reportage properly understood because a defining characteristic of reportage was missing. The book was not written to report the fact that allegations of corruption were made against Charman and the fact that he denied them and accused the investigating officers of plotting against him. The whole effect of the book was, as its sub-title made plain, to tell the inside story of Scotland Yard's battle against police corruption and that tale included Charman's alleged corruption. The book was not a neutral, disinterested report, even if the excerpts reported were factually accurate. Furthermore, it was stated that the application of the Reynolds principles had recently been clarified by the House of Lords in Jameel v Wall Street Journal Europe3 such that if the publication, including the defamatory statement, passed the public interest test, the inquiry then shifted to whether the steps taken to gather and publish the information were responsible and fair. In assessing the responsibility of the article, weight had to be given to the professional judgment of the journalist. The Reynolds principles were not intended to present an onerous obstacle to the media in the discharge of their function. Proper care was the essence of responsible journalism and the test was whether the author acted with proper professional responsibility and his assertion that he did not intend to convey the imputated words was a relevant fact to consider.4 The judge thus erred in not considering the book as whole and failing to consider what the author omitted in his editorial judgment. Applying the Reynolds principles in the light of Jameel, the court ruled that the author's writings wer e responsible journalism. Hence, the passages in the book complained by Charman were protected by qualified privilege. In unanimously upholding the Wall Street Journal Europe's appeal in the abovementioned Jameel case, the House of Lords has breathed new life into the doctrine of qualified privilege and has reanimated its decision in Reynolds v Times Newspapers.5 The decision has been widely welcomed, especially in light of the hesitant application of the Reynolds doctrine by our lower courts over the last seven years. It is fitting that such a decision came in a case related to perhaps the most important and newsworthy story of the 21st century so far, namely the events of September 11, 2001 and their aftermath. Jameel contains some strong statements in support

Young Offenders Should Not Have Harsher Consequences Essay Example for Free

Young Offenders Should Not Have Harsher Consequences Essay Do you know about the YCJA? If so, do you agree with the way it goes about doing things? The Youth Criminal Justice Act passed in 2003 by parliament allows young offenders to be treated differently than adult offenders. The conservatives want to introduce a bill to treat offenders more harshly. I strongly disagree with this. Young offenders should not be given harsher consequences. The YCJA is stable. It has many goals to accomplish. Also instead of just looking at the crime it goes deeper into the situation by examining the person’s background. The YCJA has helped young offenders. They attempt to rehabilitate the person in a way that is not harsh. They also reintegrate them into society which is giving them a chance at a new life. I think that guidance is what the young offenders need, not to be treated harshly. The need to be shown which â€Å"path† to take. Whether it is from just the YCJA or maybe even a sentencing circle. The YCJA is stable. Its main goals consist of the points stated next. They attempt to stop crime from happening again by addressing the situation underlying a young person’s offending behaviour. Examples of this goal in action are counselling or helping a family deal with a situation. The second goal is to rehabilitate and reintegrate young offenders. The third goal is to ensure that a young person has meaningful consequences for the offence that the young offender committed. The YCJA wants long-term protection of society. In my opinion if a consequence is meaningful it is more effective than a consequence that is harsh. The fourth and final goal is to make sure that young people are separated from adults. We have to realize that they have a reduce level of maturity. The YCJA is helping young offenders. One way it is doing this is by rehabilitating and reintegrating young offenders. I want to touch on this point again because it is a very important part of the YCJA. When the YCJA attempts to rehabilitate a young offender it goes about doing it in this way. They give the young offenders the skills to make good choices further on in life. They also want to help find good ways for them to participate in their community. Examples of this are joining a sport team or a YMCA club. Guidance will help these children not harsh punishments. Teens need to be protected from harsher consequences. Why? Well because teenagers have a lower-level of maturity. They also have a rapid fluctuation in hormones which is usually accompanied by irritability, recklessness, aggression and depression. All of these things could have been a starting point for the crime the young offender has committed. We cannot be harsh on them for something they cannot control. Teens are also rebellious. Statistics for boys show that teenage criminal behaviour tends to begin around 13 and reach its highest point at age 17 and then almost disappear in early adulthood. Teenagers have not developed the ability to think things through this is also known as their brain’s late development. The late brain development is a big contributor to all the risks teens take so how can we turn around and blame the whole thing on them by giving the harsher consequences? I believe that the YCJA is doing everything that needs to be done. By helping the teen they are improving their decisions. Therefore lessening the chance of having the teen be a repeat offender. I would like to state once again that harsher consequences will not do anything for these teen offenders. GUIDANCE IS THE WAY TO GO!

Brazil :: essays research papers fc

In 1822, Brazil became a nation independent from Portugal. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil has overcome more than half a century of military government to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development. With an abundance of natural resources and a large labor pool, Brazil became Latin America's leading economic power by the 1970’s. Brazil is located in Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. It is slightly smaller than the U.S., with bordering countries Argentina, Bolivia, Columbia, French Guyana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. It has many natural resources, including bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, and timber. The climate is tropical in the north, but temperate in the south. The terrain consists of mostly flat to rolling lowlands, with some plains, hills, mountains, and a narrow coastal belt. In recent years, environmentalists have become increasingly concerned over the future of the Amazon region, where human life has threatened the world's largest intact rain forest. Brasilia is the capital and main source of modern industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The total population in Brazil is 167,988,000. The population grows at a rate of 0.91%, with a life expectancy of 64 years for the total population; the female life expectancy is 67.73 years and the male is 58.96 years. The Brazilian people are very diverse. Three main ethnic groups exist in the country: Portuguese, Native American, and African. The Portuguese, Spanish and English languages are spoken throughout Brazil. However, Portuguese cultural influences remain strong, with Portuguese as the primary language and Roman Catholicism as the principal religion. The definition of literacy being those who are aged fifteen and older who can read and write, the literacy rate in Brazil is 83% for the entire population. Before 1930, the Brazilian economy was dominated by a number of agricultural and mineral products for export. The world economic depression of the 1930s encouraged the government to diversify the economy, particularly through industrialization. Consequently, the importance of agriculture and mining has fallen significantly. A major objective of Brazil's industrialization policy was to replace imported manufactures with Brazilian-made ones. It is now able to export goods such as iron ore, soybeans, footwear, and coffee. Its imports include machinery and equipment, chemical products, oil, and electricity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Brazil traditionally has been an exporter of primary agricultural and mineral products, these now make up only 40 percent of overseas trade, with manufactured goods becoming the primary export.

Moving Towards a Global Community Essay

With Communism finally thought of as discredited, the US believed that it could finally assume sole dominance of global political and economic affairs. The US was wrong, as Communism was replaced with a new foe – terrorism. The 1990s saw the emergence of Islamic terrorist groups, all of which have a single-minded goal to destroy the US. These terrorist organizations justify their actions by arguing that it is their duty as good Muslims to wage a war against all enemies of Islam (Halliday, 2003). Roots of the â€Å"Jihad† Most Islamic terrorist organizations came from Third World countries, where poverty and government corruption are rampant. Furthermore, majority of the countries from which these terrorist groups originated are governed by pro-US regimes. In exchange for unlimited access to the raw materials of their respective countries, the US would grant them political, economic and military assistance. The aforementioned scenario is conducive to the rise of Islamic terrorist organizations. Impoverished and desperate, many Muslims from the Third World find solace from these groups, who offer them overly simplistic explanations for their destitute state. Leaders of Islamic terrorist organizations usually brainwash neophytes into believing that the US is responsible for the political, economic and social ills in their country. Thus, as good Muslims, they must fight the US even at the cost of their very lives. The US, on the other hand, would protect itself by calling on lackey regimes to â€Å"fight terrorism† by crushing these groups, often at the expense of civil rights and liberties of their constituents (Palmer and Palmer, 2004). References Halliday, F. (2003). Islam and the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics in the Middle East (2nd ed. ). London: I. B. Tauris. Palmer, M. , & Palmer, P. (2004). At the Heart of Terror: Islam, Jihadists, and America’s War on Terrorism. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.

Computer technology arises for better improvement Essay

Throughout the year of existence, the item has come for its enhancement because computer technology arises for better improvement especially in information technology, which focuses mainly on business sectors. The library is a place where books, journals, microfilms, multimedia, audio & visual materials and computer data & terminals are kept and organized to support the cultural, informational, recreational, and educational needs of the general public or specific groups of users. Recent advances in computer and communication technologies have transformed the contemporary library; it is not only a repository but now also an active member in a vast network of libraries and databanks through which users have access to a worldwide store of recorded knowledge. Since the 70s, the acquisition of library catalogs is done electronically. The development of computer technology in the last few years has provided the necessary preconditions to administrate an ever growing amount of information electronically. Prompted by the success of the World Wide Web, many providers are beginning to open their databases to external users. This gives users the possibility to search in a database and exchange data directly via the Internet. The world is experiencing an unprecedented advancement in technology this year. Everyone believes that the library needs an improvement; an improvement that would make it a high-security and an easy access of books that would help not only the librarian but also those who use the library for their research. Through this occurrence, the proponents decided to design a library system for San Roque Catholic School. With the help of data that has been gathered, they give emphasis to the benefits that the system can give and also gathered some ideas for the planned actions for the development of the system. This chapter will discuss the objective of the study, statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope & delimitation and the definition of terms. Objective of the Study This study aims to know the following: To know how often the students go to the library. To know the awareness of the students with regards to the manual library system of SRCS To know how attentive are the library personnel specially in rendering their service To know how many classifications of books they have in their library To know how visible these books to the users Statement of the Problem The general problem is to provide a computerized procedure of borrowing and returning of books. Specially, the study aims to answer the following questions: 1. How often do the students go the library? 2. Are the students aware of the manual system of transaction in the SRCS Library? 3. Are the shelves in the library open to everyone? 4. Does the students need to ask permission from the library management to acquire a book? 5. Are the library personnel always attentive to anyone who wants to use the library? 6. Does the students notice the that the books on the shelves are effectively arrange according to the ff: 6. 1 Classification (Ex. Filipiniana, Arts & Science, etc)? 6. 1. 1 Textbook 6. 1. 2 Workbook Assumption Specific Problem: How proficient are the process used by librarian? Implicit Assumption: There are certain procedures to make the transactions of borrowing or returning the books. Specific Problem: How sufficient are the information that a librarian should acquire prior to borrowing and returning of books? Implicit assumption: There are certain required informations that a librarian should acquire in the students. Hypothesis Question: Is there any significant difference between the effectiveness method in manual and computerized library system? Operational Hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the effectiveness method in manual and computerized library system, in terms of allotted time and accuracy throughout the process. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the effectiveness method in manual and computerized library system, in terms of procedures Significance of the Study In the age of advance technology, it is important for every business establishment, no matter how small, to acquire a system that would make its work faster and more efficient. This will save time and effort on the part of the beneficiary. Computer technology is quickly spreading due to the demands of the people. The significance of this study is to develop software that will make the library a high-security and easy access. This application system will improve and enhance the library that will attract the user to come more often to the library. Educational Significance The purpose of this study is to attract the students and other users to use the library more often for studying or learning due to the high-technological system the library had. Economic Significance The library will cost less for the expenses that are monthly paid to maintain the system. Some supplies will be added and some will be disregarded. Implementing the proposed system will depreciate the expenses, which is shown. Librarian and Staff. The significance of this study to the librarian an staff is that it will lessen their effort and conserve time in searching books and give an accurate report with regards to the books and borrowers information. Conceptual Framework In this study the proponents will follow all the basic steps in building a system using resourceful references such as books, related studies, browsing the internet, and other tools that are related to the study. They will gather data through interviews and questionnaire with regards to the existing system of San Roque Catholic School. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT. Scope and Delimitation The proposed system is an application system using borrowers’ code. It will give more efficient way of finding references needed by the users. It includes the entire books in the library. The proposed system will show all needed information regarding the book and the borrower. It is not a LAN-based system. It will not detect if the book is damaged or if one page of it was torn. The proposed system will not show the autobiography of the author and the contents of the books thoroughly. Definition of Terms Acronyms CFD. Context Flow Diagram DFD. Data Flow Diagram JPEG. Joint Photographic Experts Group LAN. Local Area Network SDLC. System Development Life Cycle SRCS. San Roque Catholic School VB6. Visual Basic 6 Non-Technical Accession Number. It is a code that represents the number of books or materials in the connection within the library. Author. It is a person who brings something into existence; the written of the book, article, etc. Borrower’s Card. It is a card that is used in borrowing and returning of library materials. Call Number. It is composed of letters, figures and symbols separate or in combination assigned to a book to indicate its location on the shelves. It usually consists of class number and book number. It appears on the spine of a book and on the upper left corner of a catalog card. Lend. It is to place in the temporary possession of another (for his use, enjoyment, etc. ) with the expectation of resuming possession later. To loan, to let out (books or materials) for fee. Library. It is a room or building, housing a collection of books, usually arrange according to some plan. Librarian. It is a person in-charge of a library. Penalty. Amount given by the borrower if the book is overdue. Transaction. It is something transacted, a bus deal. Technical Terms Computer. Is a machine that can follow instructions to alter data in desirable way and to perform at least some operations without human intervention. Context Diagram. It shows the entire system as one general element. Data. Is factual information such as text, numbers, sound, and images, in a form that can be processed by a computer. Database. Is a collection of related information about a subject organized in a useful that provides a foundation for procedures such as retrieving information, drawing conclusions and making decisions. Data Flow Diagram. It is a graphic illustration that shows the flow of data and logic within a system. Data Processing. It means a rapid conversion of large quantities of information from the unorganized form in which it is collected into a form that can be stored on magnetic tapes or disks and analyzed by computers and other devices. Maintenance. Enhancing or upgrading your system. Password. A code for security of the database and files. Record. It contains all information that the database is tracking. Chapter II Review of Related Literatures and Studies. The proponents reviewed several related studies and literature. This was done to clarify different ideas from other studies and literature. Relevant ideas of some students who developed some software were also reviewed. Related Literature The proponents understand that the program to be made without intellectual development could crash and might not be attracted to the uses and beneficiaries. The communication between the target user and the programmer should be clear, and sharp. According to Lisa C. Stater and Steven E. Arnott stated on their â€Å"Using Visual Basic v6. 0: For Windows (1992)† noted that: â€Å"The traditional boundary between an end-user and a programmer became difficult to maintain, because beginners could generate useful applications without writing any lines of program code and experts became more productive by using same techniques to develop extensive systems†. (p2) Many business companies use computers in order to solve their problems, to lessen their tasks, and minimize the time involved. They also use computers to store a large amount or quantity of data to reach their target goal. This is what C. J. Date (1990) wrote in his book entitled â€Å"An Introduction to Database System,† stated that: â€Å"A database system is basically a computerized record keeping system. It is a computerized system whose overall purpose is to maintain information and make that information available on demand. † (p5) All business activities fall under the principle governing Database Management System (DBMS). But in order to make your work easier, you must know how to design a database. According to Gregg Perry (1991) in his book â€Å"Visual Basic 6. 0 Teach Yourself in 21 Days†: â€Å"Database design is the process of creating database structures from user requirements for data. The resulting design must satisfy the user requirements in terms of completeness, integrity, and performance, among other factors. Database design is a complex and demanding process that requires the commitment and participation of the entire organization. † (p54) But it is more complicated to study a programming language, especially when creating programs for database. That is why more programmers use Visual Basic, which is easier to learn and understand. Walnum Clayton in his book, â€Å"Visual Basic 6 Master Reference, 1999† stated that: â€Å"Visual Basic may be the most used programming language in the world. The reason for its success is obvious. Visual Basic makes Windows programming so easy that just about anyone can sit down and create a simple program within a few hours. † (Preface) N V Brahmaji Rao on his article â€Å"An Experimental Digital Library System for Electronic Thesis and Reports, Roll Number: 9411123, August, 1999† stated that: â€Å"Digital Library System is an information system in which all the information is stored in digital form. The artifacts in a Digital Library System are visualized as â€Å"Digital Objects† stored as electronic â€Å"files† in a Hard Disk, CD-ROM etc. Each one of these files may be in different format like plain text, HTML text, GIF Image, TIFF Image, JPEG, MPEG, PostScript, PDF and so on. The underlying Digital Library System provides users with interfaces to access information like a Research Paper, A Thesis, a book, a song, a picture available in the Digital Library. To facilitate efficient and effective use of Digital Library Resources, the System provides several â€Å"services† like `Search on bibliographic data or on Full- text’, `Show the information contained in a Paper’, `Submission of a Thesis in Electronic Form’, `Indexing service’, `Replication service’ and so on. Digital Library Systems are very much like Public Library Information Systems, in providing the services in an Open way to everyone except in the means and methods followed. The Digital Libraries have a global scope and the user can be anywhere in the world. Digital Library Systems are very complex and throws up many issues: Academic, Technical, Cultural, Legal and even political. † (url: http://www. cse. iitk. ac. in/research/mtech1994/9411123. html) Related Studies Foreign Study. In the study conducted by Ron entitled â€Å"A Computerized Cataloging System for an Outdoor Program Library or Resource Center,† this paper explores a computerized system of cataloging materials for small to medium sized outdoor recreation resource centers. Free to non-profit organizations, the software described in the paper is designed to create and manage a database of books, videos, impact statements and other resource materials. Among other functions, the software will produce files that can be used by a word processor to print cards for a card catalog; it can be used to make topic word searches to find needed materials. Based on the diploma thesis of Josef Willenborg, (Master of CS), of Berlin University of Technology entitled â€Å"A Distributed Library Information System on the Basis of the Z39. 50 Protocol, July 1999† stated that: â€Å"Since the 70s, the acquisition of library catalogs is done electronically. The development of computer technology in the last few years has provided the necessary preconditions to administrate an ever growing amount of information electronically. Prompted by the success of the World Wide Web, many providers are beginning to open their databases to external users. This gives users the possibility to search in a database and exchange data directly via the Internet. † Local Studies According to Hazeline F. Gadia, et al. (1998), on their thesis entitled, â€Å"Computerized Information System for College Libraries,† that their study aims to provide an on-line and cost-free searching capability through the campus network. This reduces the need for the user’s to run from one library to another only to find what they are looking for. Based on the unpublished thesis of Jonalee Domingo’s group entitled â€Å"West Bay Library System, October 2002,† stated that: â€Å"The proposed computerized Library System of West Bay College, a system that will computerize the process in West Bay College. It aims to help the users & librarian by having a search engine. Which will make searching of books faster. It will inform users about the availability & some information on their desired book. It is also aim to help librarian manage library records including its books & users. The proponents intend to develop the system using MS Visual Basic. † (p. vii) Based on the research done by the group of Modina on their thesis entitled â€Å"Computer-Based Library System of IETI College Alabang† stated that: â€Å"The Library is a place where books, journals, microfilms, multimedia, audio and visual materials and computer data and terminals are kept and organized to support the cultural, informational, recreational, and educational needs of the general public or specific groups of users. Recent advances in computer and communication technologies have transformed the contemporary library; it is not only a repository but now also an active member in a vast network of libraries and databanks through which users have access to a world wide store of recorded knowledge. Therefore, Library System is the process that keeps monitoring and classify each book. It also maintains an extensive network of local branches, the properties and the persons involved in it. Relevance to the Study Computer is the latest catalyst in the swirling reaction of human history its power delivers a chance for revolution. When they were rare and expensive they shaped the worlds above the ivory tower. As we move towards the moderation, many organizations must cope up with the latest challenges. Creating a system was become more in demand and gaining an increasing rate of popularity in every industry. It was developed to provide timely, reliable and accurate information that is very helpful in decision making and problem solving. Based on the gathered related literatures and studies, proposing such system like the SRCS Library System would really help not only the librarian and the library personnel but also those who use the library facilities especially the researchers, that it would be more easier for them to know the availability of the book to be borrowed and the procedure of borrowing & returning of books will be more organize & systematize. Chapter III Methodology and Procedure. This chapter discusses the methods of research used by the proponents in conducting the study. Research instruments used, data gathering procedures and statistical treatment are also discussed. Research Design The software was developed using Visual Basic 6, in a module-by-module manner. Each module was designed and created as separate form. This form was compiled and run separately and revised before it linked to the actual programs. And their database holder, the proponents use MS Access. Methods of Research Use The proponents used descriptive and experimental methods in doing the study. Descriptive research method is the process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, tabulating and making interpretation with regards to the data collected. Using the descriptive method, the proponents conducted an interview with the librarian and some students & teachers according to their observation with regards to the library’s service, procedures and policies. In this method, surveying and content analysis techniques are used gather data. A survey is used to collect data about people’s beliefs, idea or opinions regarding a certain topic. Content analysis is used to gather data in any existing and available documentary materials such as articles that content the needed data of the research topic. By the use of this technique, the proponents gather data to related studies and opinions of other authors of any books and articles that useful in furnishing this study. Experimental research is a controlled process which manipulated treatments or actions from a factor, called independent variable, are applied upon another factor, called dependent variable, to determine their effect in the said process. The proponents used this method to find out the effectiveness of the propose library system in the service of the library. Research Instruments The research instruments to be use are questionnaires, interview, experimental and library method. The proponents will be using questionnaires to gather data faster in the persons involved. This is because the respondents were students, faculties and the library personnel and they are busy to take 20 minutes to be interviewed. So by the use of questionnaires, they can answer it for 3-5 minutes when they have available time. Interview is another technique of gathering data or information. The proponents will ask the library head and some of the students & faculties to gather idea with regards to the topic of the study Experimenting is the process of creating sample of the Library System and tests it by the personnel itself and by the users of the library. Giving pre and post test is needed to get the results. Another method is the library method. This is used in researching for some related studies and articles that is useful in this study. Data Gathering Procedures. Before starting this documentation, the proponents interviewed or asked some teachers and students about their idea to the topic. They were asked according to their knowledge. Also, the proponents do some research study to some libraries in order to gather enough data that will give them idea. After getting ideas, the proponents prepare questionnaires for the survey. Statistical Treatment Statistical methods will be helpful for the proponents in making this research design. This will help in determining the validity and reliability of the research. To show the result of the computation, the combination of tabular and graphical presentation is used. Purpose of Cost Benefit Analysis Cost benefit analysis is the process of comparing the anticipated costs of an information system to the anticipated benefits. Cost benefit analysis is performed throughout the SDLC to determine the economic feasibility of an information system project and to compare alternative solutions. Formula Used Proposed System Cost = Development Cost + Operating Cost Benefit = Existing Cost – Proposed Cost Present Value = Benefit / (1+i)n Where: i = interest rate  n = number of years Chapter IV Organizational and Management Aspect Form of Business Organization Company Profile Aimed as fostering spirituality among the youth of Alabang and neighboring town and providing a low-cost quality education to the residents in the area. SAN ROQUE CATHOLIC SCHOOL (SRCS) was established in 1981 by then, parish priest, MONSIGNOR TOMAS T. GONZALES. Since then, the school has taken the role as partner of the parish in the mission of evangelization and Christian education. One hundred forty-one students comprised the first batch of students who were grouped into three sections. Part of parish rectory was converted into classrooms for two classes while the third class was in the other side of the church. Through the initiative of Msgr. Gonzales, the construction of the three-storey building began in 1982 which was ready for use the following school year for 545 students in the first to third year levels. The first principal, Miss Lydia Santos was conferred the responsibility to manage the school. She worked hand in hand with a group of dedicated mentors. With Msgr. Tomas Gonzales setting the initial framework of SRCS, several directors succeeded him: Rev. Fr. Steve Villanueva and Rev. Fr. Romerico Prieto; Msgrs. Rolly dela Cruz and Celso Ditan were geared towards the development and improvement of the edifice, hence, the fruit of their untiring efforts, are the two three-storey buildings along the Mendiola Street. SRCS also gives due honors to Sister Minda Penaredondo. DC who heldthe school’s coffers and Mrs. Erlinda Esporlas who upheld quality Christian education of the students. 1989 was the year the Religious of the Virgin Mary (RVM) came at invitation of the Cardinal’s office to manage the school with Sis. Ma. Domitilla Enriquez, RVM as Principal. Their presence deepened the inculcation of Christian values and continuously enhanced and manifested in the Roquenian way of life. With Sis. Ma. Marina Insigne, RVM: Sis. Ma. Teresita Varon, RVM, Sis Ma. Celestine T. Viernes, RVM and our incumbent principal, Sis. Ma. Julia Advincula, RVM coddled and hurdled the tumultuous toil of running a school at this pace of time. Their natural affection has always been dovetailed with the philosophical views of the school’s past directors. Together with Bishop Jesse Mercado and Rev. Fr. Fidel Fabile, Sis. Ma. Julia Advincula, RVM are in constant reception of new ideas, innovations if only to touch and enhance the lives of the denizens of the community – the ROQUENIANS. Thru the initiative of Sr. Celestine, the Jubilee Building was built, a five storey building dedicated to the HOLY TRINITY as we celebrate the year of jubilation of our 2000th year of Christian Faith and opening its doors to the THIRD MILLENIUM. The building has an installed elevator for easy access and house the school auditorium which is named after Msgr. Tom Gonzales, at the ground floor of the building is the school computer laboratory, T. H. E. and the preschool rooms. The Fifth floor holds the social hall used for various activities and the gymnasium of St. Roch Building with newly installed two step bleachers for the spectators. SRCS is grateful for the continuous support of parents (and hopefully alumni, generous donors and benefactors) to assist in meeting the global needs of its students today. To become a genuine contributor – developing dynamic. Christian citizens of our country, SRCS will not stop growing reaching out especially to the less privileged. Vision-Mission. San Roque Catholic School of Alabang, Muntinlupa City is a Filipino, parochial, elementary and secondary educational institution which envisioned to be: Transformed agents/community that is maka-Diyos, maka-tao, makabayan, makbuhay and maka-kalikasan under the reign of God. SRCS commits itself to intensify its readiness to respond in Marian spirit to the gospel values by building a productive school family and parish community with loving service especially to the less privileged through academic competence and spiritual formation. Goals / Objectives. San Roque Catholic School was founded to serve the youth of Alabang and nearby communities, providing quality education by: Forming in the hearts and mind of all SRCS students the value of human dignity and total commitment to Christ by witnessing the love of God and service to his fellowmen. Providing Christian quality education and values integrated in Academic and Technology instructions that bring about intellectual and skilled oriented individual towards global competitiveness. Developing in the students the value of self-discipline and impressing upon them the high standard of decency, morality and good behavior. Integrating social responsibilities to advocate for justice, peace and order for the protection of the rights of the less privileged. Promoting and preserving the sanctity of life and the family towards nation building. Participating actively in the pursuit of ecological conservation and environmental awareness. Enriching the lives of all students through appreciation and awareness of the rich cultural heritage of his country. Establishing a harmonious relationship among students, parents, teachers, administrators and parishioners. Chapter V The System. This chapter discusses the context diagram and data flow diagram of the existing and proposed system. Existing System Based on the interview and data gathered by the proponents the existing library system of San Roque Catholic School is in manual manners in which the students ask the librarian for the availability of the book they are looking for and sometimes look in the card catalog if the book really exists in their library. Borrowing of books for overnight is allowed but limited; students can borrow with the maximum of two (2) books and four (4) books for Mind Movers Club member (Library Club). Reference books and serials are not allowed to be borrowed (strictly for library use only. The Fiction, Filipiniana, and Circulation books can be borrowed for three (3) days while the reserved books can be borrowed but only for overnight. Renewal of due dates can be allowed only for three (3) times. Personal reservation of book is allowed, which is effective for the whole day only. If not taken by the borrowers at the end of the day, it will be arranged back to its shelves. Existing System (Borrowing of Books) CONTEXT DIAGRAM Existing System (Returning of Books) CONTEXT DIAGRAM Data Flow Diagram of Borrowing of Books (Existing). Data Flow Diagram of Returning of Books (Existing) Proposed System (Borrowing of Books) CONTEXT DIAGRAM Proposed System (Returning of Books) CONTEXT DIAGRAM Data Flow Diagram of Borrowing of Books (Proposed) Data Flow Diagram of Returning of Books (Proposed) Costing Economic feasibility tests the ability of the system if the system is economically feasible. This includes the development cost, the return of investment and the payback analysis. Development Cost System Cost Systems Analyst Cost20,000 Database Designer’s Cost10,000 Programmers Cost20,000 Design Cost15,000 Subtotal65,000 Operational Cost Printer Ink (black) 800 Bond Paper (short). * 1 ream 200 Subtotal 1,000 Equipment Cost Computer Set27,000 Subtotal27,000 Software Cost Microsoft Windows 9810,000 Microsoft Office 5,000 Subtotal15,000 Overall Total Development Cost108,000 Annual Development Cost YEAR AMOUNT COST AMOUNT BENEFIT 0 108,000 1 123,100 150,000 2 138,200 169,430 3 153,300 188,860 4 168,400 210,290 5 183,500 235,720 TOTAL 766,500 954,300 Return of Investment ROI = Estimated Lifetime Benefit – Estimated Lifetime Cost Estimated Lifetime Cost = 954,300 – 766,500 766,500 = 187,800 766,500 = 0. 24500 or 24. 50% Payback Analysis YEAR COST BENEFIT NET BENEFIT PV OF BENEFIT DISCOUNT % 0 108,000 1 123,100 150,000. 26,900 24,452. 10 .909 2 138,200 169,430 31,230 25,795. 98 .826 3 153,300 188,860 35,560 26,990. 04 .759 4 168,400 210,290 41,890 28,610. 87 .683 5 183,500 235,720 52,220 32,428. 62 .621 TOTAL 766,500 954,300 187,800 138,277. 61 Chapter VI Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation Statistical Results of Data Gathering The proponents conducted survey to know the problems of the existing library system of SRCS. The questionnaires indicate comments and suggestions of the respondents for the further enhancement of their system. The results were been tabulate and the percentage will be used for computing the statistical measurement. Analysis of the Result Statistical Analysis Since the percentage method was used, the formula: No. of Respondents / Total No. of Respondents * 100 = Percentage (%) The results of survey are as follow: Does the students spent most of their free time at the library? Table 1 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 12 12% ALWAYS 10 10% OFTEN 45 45% SOMETIMES 18 18% RARE 15 15% NEVER Based on the above table, out of 100 respondents only 12% always spent most of their free time at the library, 10% says often, 45% says sometimes, 18% says rare and 15% of them never spent their free time at the library. Are the books in the library well organized and arranged according to its classification? Table 2 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 45 45% ALWAYS 27 27% OFTEN 15 15% SOMETIMES 13 13% RARE 0 0% NEVER Based on the above table, out of 100 respondents 45% of them said that the books in the library of SRCS are well organized and arranged according to its classification, 27% says often, 15% says sometimes, 13% says rare and no one says that the books in the library of SRCS are not well organized and arranged according to its classification. Are the library personnel aware with the needs of the borrowers? Table 3 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 55 55% ALWAYS 37 37% OFTEN 5 5% SOMETIMES 3 3% RARE 0 0% NEVER According to the result above, out of 100 respondents 55% of them said that the library personnel is always are with the needs of the borrowers, 37% says often, 5% says sometimes, 3% says rare and 0% of the respondents say that the library personnel is never aware with the needs of the borrowers. Are they using card catalog for searching the books? Table 4 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 10 10% ALWAYS 15 15% OFTEN 5 5% SOMETIMES 32 32% RARE 38 38% NEVER According to the above result, out of 100 respondents only 10% of them use card catalog in searching a certain book, 15% says often, 5% says sometimes, 32% says rare and 38% of the respondents say that they never able to use the card catalog in searching the books but instead ask the librarian for the book they are looking for. Is the present method of searching a book is accurate and fast? Table 5 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 55 55% YES 45 45%. NO Based on the above result, out of 100 respondents 55% of them agreed that their present method in searching the book is accurate and fast while 45% of them disagreed. Is there any penalty for the overdue books? Table 6 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 100 100% YES 0 0% NO Based on the result of the above table out of 100 respondents, all of them said that there is a penalty for every overdue book. Is there any sanction or penalty for those students or borrowers who accidentally damaged or lost the book? Table 7 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE. CHOICES 100 100% YES 0 0% NO Based on the result of the above table out of 100 respondents, 100% of them said that there is a sanction for those students and borrowers who accidentally damaged or lost the book. Is it allowed to borrow the books for overnight? Table 8 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 100 100% YES 0 0% NO According to the result above out of 100 respondents, 100% of them said that it is allowed to borrow the books for overnight. Is there a limit of number of books that can be borrowed for overnight? Table 9 FREQU.   

Free Essays on Educational Psychology

Define educational psychology. Provide three reasons why and how exposure to educational psychology will help you become a better teacher? Educational psychology is the application of psychology and psychological methods to the study of learning and teaching. It focuses on the interaction of human development, cognitive science, instructional methods, measurement and assessment. Research on effective teachers associates several teacher behaviors or practices with good teaching. (Education Psychology Evective Teaching) The reason why educational psychology will help you become a better teacher is because as it states in the definition. Educational psychology focuses on the interaction of human development this is very import in undestanding your stundents.. If you understand your students then you will know what kind of teniques to use to be sucessful in the classroom. A good example would be buying car. You could easily drive the car without reading the mannual but when a problem occurs you would have to refer to it. If you read the manual before driving the car when some thing happens you will have an idea how to fix it. That is what educational psychology is it is a manual that gives you a general idea how to handle different situations that may occur in the classroom from displine to learning styles. It might not give the exact answer to the problem ,but it will give you an idea on why a problem is occuring and how to fix it. Another reason why educational psychology is essential is for modivation Behavioral pychology states that behavior can change as a result of extrinsic motivatiors such as incrntives, rewards, and punishments. (P23) Modivation is the key in any learning statigy if the kids are modivated to learn the tranfer of learning process is easy. To modivate students you must use educational psycholoy. The difficult part is trying to figure out what paticular thing modivate each individavidual student. That is w... Free Essays on Educational Psychology Free Essays on Educational Psychology Define educational psychology. Provide three reasons why and how exposure to educational psychology will help you become a better teacher? Educational psychology is the application of psychology and psychological methods to the study of learning and teaching. It focuses on the interaction of human development, cognitive science, instructional methods, measurement and assessment. Research on effective teachers associates several teacher behaviors or practices with good teaching. (Education Psychology Evective Teaching) The reason why educational psychology will help you become a better teacher is because as it states in the definition. Educational psychology focuses on the interaction of human development this is very import in undestanding your stundents.. If you understand your students then you will know what kind of teniques to use to be sucessful in the classroom. A good example would be buying car. You could easily drive the car without reading the mannual but when a problem occurs you would have to refer to it. If you read the manual before driving the car when some thing happens you will have an idea how to fix it. That is what educational psychology is it is a manual that gives you a general idea how to handle different situations that may occur in the classroom from displine to learning styles. It might not give the exact answer to the problem ,but it will give you an idea on why a problem is occuring and how to fix it. Another reason why educational psychology is essential is for modivation Behavioral pychology states that behavior can change as a result of extrinsic motivatiors such as incrntives, rewards, and punishments. (P23) Modivation is the key in any learning statigy if the kids are modivated to learn the tranfer of learning process is easy. To modivate students you must use educational psycholoy. The difficult part is trying to figure out what paticular thing modivate each individavidual student. That is w...

Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, Modern Architects

Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, Modern Architects Jacques Herzog (born April 19, 1950) and Pierre de Meuron (born May 8, 1950) are two Swiss architects known for innovative designs and construction using new materials and techniques. The two architects have nearly parallel careers. Both men were born the same year in Basel, Switzerland, attended the same school (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland), and in 1978 they formed the architectural partnership, Herzog de Meuron. In 2001, they were chosen to share the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize. Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron have designed projects in England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, the United States, and of course, in their native Switzerland. They have built residences, several apartment buildings, libraries, schools, a sports complex, a photographic studio, museums, hotels, railway utility buildings, and office and factory buildings. Selected Projects: 1999-2000: Apartment buildings, Rue des Suisses, Paris, France1998-2000: Roche Pharma Research Institute Building 92 / Building 41, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland2000: Tate Modern, London Bankside, UK1998-1999: Central Signal Tower, Basel, Switzerland1998: Ricola Marketing Building, Laufen, Switzerland1996-1998: Dominus Winery, Yountville, California1993: Ricola-Euope SA Production and Storage Building, Mulhouse-Brunstatt, France1989-1991: Ricola Factory Addition and Glazed Canopy, Laufen, Switzerland2003: Prada Boutique Aoyama, Tokyo, Japan2004: IKMZ der BTU Cottbus, Library at Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU), Cottbus, Germany,2004: Edifici Fà ²rum, Barcelona, Spain2005: Allianz Arena, Mà ¼nchen-Frà ¶ttmaning, Germany2005: Walker Art Center expansion, Minneapolis. MN2008: Beijing National Stadium, Beijing, China2010: 1111 Lincoln Road (parking garage), Miami Beach, Florida2012: Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, Kensington Gardens, London, UK2012: Parrish Art Museum, Long Island, New York 2015: Grand Stade de Bordeaux, France2016: Elbphilharmonie concert hall, Hamburg, Germany2017: 56 Leonard Street (Jenga Tower), New York City2017: La tour Triangle, Porte de Versailles, Paris, France2017: M Visual Art Museum in Kowloon, Hong Kong Related People: Rem Koolhaas, Pritzker Prize Laureate, 2000 I.M. Pei, 1983 Pritzker Laureate Robert Venturi, Pritzker Prize Laureate, 1991 Thom Mayne, 2005 Pritzker Laureate Zaha Hadid, Pritzker Prize Laureate, 2004 Commentary on Herzog and de Meuron from the Pritzker Prize Committee: Among their completed buildings, the Ricola cough lozenge factory and storage building in Mulhouse, France stands out for its unique printed translucent walls that provide the work areas with a pleasant filtered light. A railway utility building in Basel, Switzerland called Signal Box has an exterior cladding of copper strips that are twisted at certain places to admit daylight. A library for the Technical University in Eberswalde, Germany has 17 horizontal bands of iconographic images silk screen printed on glass and on concrete. An apartment building on Schà ¼tzenmattstrasse in Basel has a fully glazed street facade that is covered by a moveable curtain of perforated latticework. While these unusual construction solutions are certainly not the only reason for Herzog and de Meuron being selected as the 2001 Laureates, Pritzker Prize jury chairman, J. Carter Brown, commented, One is hard put to think of any architects in history that have addressed the integument of architecture with greater imagination and virtuosity. Ada Louise Huxtable, architecture critic and member of the jury, commented further about Herzog and de Meuron, They refine the traditions of modernism to elemental simplicity, while transforming materials and surfaces through the exploration of new treatments and techniques. Another juror, Carlos Jimenez from Houston who is professor of architecture at Rice University, said, One of the most compelling aspects of work by Herzog and de Meuron is their capacity to astonish. And from juror Jorge Silvetti, who chairs the Department of Architecture, Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, ...all of their work maintains throughout, the stable qualities that have always been associated with the best Swiss architecture: conceptual precision, formal clarity, economy of means and pristine detailing and craftsmanship.

How to Demonstrate That Air Has Mass

How to Demonstrate That Air Has Mass Air is the sea of particles in which we live. Wrapped around us like a blanket, students sometimes mistake air as being without mass or weight. This easy weather demonstration proves to younger students that air does indeed have mass! In this experiment, two balloons, filled with air, will be used to create a balance. Difficulty: AverageTime Required: Under 15 minutes Materials Needed 2 balloons of equal size3 pieces of string at least 6 inches longA wooden rulerA small needle Getting Started Inflate the two balloons until they are equal in size and tie them off. Attach a piece of string to each balloon. Then, attach the other end of each of the strings to the opposite ends of the ruler. Keep the balloons the same distance from the end of the ruler. The balloons will now be able to dangle below the ruler.Tie the third string to the middle of the ruler and hang it from the edge of a table or support rod. Adjust the middle string until you find the balance point where the ruler is parallel to the floor. Once the apparatus is completed, the experiment can begin.Puncture one of the balloons with the needle (or other sharp object) and observe the results. Students can write their observations in a science notebook or simply discuss the results in a lab group.To make the experiment a true inquiry experiment, the objective of the demonstration should not be revealed until after students have had a chance to observe and comment on what they have seen. If the purpose of the experi ment is revealed too soon, students will not have the chance to figure out what happened and why. Why It Works The balloon that remains full of air will cause the ruler to tip showing that the air has weight. The empty balloon’s air escapes into the surrounding room and is no longer contained within the balloon. The compressed air in the balloon has a greater weight than the surrounding air. While the weight itself cannot be measured in this way, the experiment gives indirect evidence that air has mass. Tips In the inquiry process, its best to not reveal the objective of an experiment or demonstration. Many teachers will actually cut off the title, objective, and opening questions for lab activities so that students observe the experiments knowing the outcome will help them to write their own title and objectives. Instead of standard after-lab-questions, ask students to complete the missing title and objectives. It is a fun twist and makes the lab more creative. Teachers of very young students can even play this up creating a scenario in which the teacher accidentally lost the rest!Goggles are recommended for young students. When the balloons are blown up to a large size, small pieces of latex could injure the eye. Its also a good idea to use something other than needles to bust the balloon. Go around the classroom and check on the apparatus set-up. Then, once the apparatus meets the standards, the teacher can bust the balloon.

Incorporating criticism into your arguements Essay

Incorporating criticism into your arguements - Essay Example Melville’s story is about the dehumanizing effects of the new social order. It is situated in the business center of New York, at Wall Street. Melville’s Narrator has no name, thus symbolically he has lost his personhood, his humanity. He is a lawyer; however, the Narrator is quick to point out that he is not a champion of justice or defender of right. Instead, he describes himself a â€Å"one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquility of a snug retreat, do a snug business among rich men’s bonds and mortgages and title-deeds.† In short, the Narrator is a man whose life is dedicated to the pursuit of wealth and leisure. In a time when commerce and industrialization is on the rise, his job is to aid the newly rich in securing their property, their titles and bonds. On the other hand, Bartleby is the only character in the story with a real name – not a nickname like Turkey, Nipper or Ginger Nut. Bartleby is a man who is entirely disconnected with the world of the wealthy. Sad, quiet and miserable, he writes from morning to night, lives in the office, is surrounded by blank walls with little light, does not eat dinners, and does not have any friends. However, when asked by the Narrator to perform some simple tasks, he flatly, though politely, refuses, without any excuse except that he does not prefer to. Here is depicted the conflict of the regimen of the workplace and personal will. Bartleby is insistent that he abide by his own free will and not be dictated upon by those with the money. It appears, then, that the Narrator, who is schooled, titled and honoured, could be bought, but Bartleby, poor, simple and unknown, could not. Even when the Narrator gives him twenty dollars’ premium over his wages, he quietly shows his refusal. In the story, one cannot help but attach

Why obesity a serious problem and how should we solve it Essay - 1

Why obesity a serious problem and how should we solve it - Essay Example To some extent, obesity has also contributed to the loss of work hours in the work places not to mention the billions of dollars used annually in managing those with obesity (EOPUS). Concerns have been raised over the contribution of fast food companies like McDonald in the development of obesity. They have been accused of giving adverts that do not contain warning signs as that of cigarette and that thus the contribution of fast food to the worsening human population in America is comparable to that of the cigarette, which was fiercely fought in America generation after generation (Kava, Gilbert, and Elizabeth, 34). Obesity is thus feared to be taking the lead as one of the health hazards in the US particularly among the children and if remained unchecked, the country will not only spend much of their resources in medication but will also lose a significant segment of their population (Washburn, 98). This paper has considered the following essays on obesity to assert the dangers associated with obesity. In the essay, Zinczenco starts by recounting in his own life experience about the separation of his parents that made him lead latchkey life. From school he did not have any option but to seek the services of the fast food stores; MacDonald, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and Kentucky Fried Chicken. This kind of life he says made him develop obesity but thanks to his joining one of the Health Magazines that prompted in him the need to take precautionary measures in the type of food he eats. He enumerates the problems that come with obesity and the statistical report from the Center for Disease Control about the expenses incurred by the government in treating obesity related diseases. The writer also gives a substantial recount on the children who have filed a civil litigation about the companies that are dealing in fast food for contributing to their worsening health. He takes

Arguments Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arguments Paper - Essay Example However, despite the blame being directed to Al-Qaida terrorist groups, some experts are skeptical of the position arguing that the incidence was an inside job and was therefore stage-managed, providing evidence to assert their argument (Fetzer Par. 1). The purpose of this paper is to examine why the attack on 9/11 on World Trade Center is considered duplicity and not a terrorist attack as was alleged by President Bush’s administration. It will also discuss the limitations associated with such opposing views, my understanding of the incidence, as well as why I consider my understanding better than the opposing views. Those who opposed the argument that the incidence of September 11 was a terrorist attack mainly claim that the incidence was an inside job, stage-managed by the Bush administration (Fetzer Par. 2). They argue that the whole incidence was a video fakery that the Bush administration used to deceive the masses after stage-managing the incidence in order to get support for waging war against Al-Qaida in Afghanistan and Iraq (Fetzer Par. 4). After conducting a thorough analysis on the incidence, no evidence could be found to link Muslims to the attack. This is due to the fact that the government has since failed to provide concrete evidence to show that the alleged hijackers did board the planes according to Elias Davidsson (Fetzer Par. 6). After conducting an analysis on the alleged phone calls made prior to the incidence, none could actually be authenticated as David Ray Griffin argues that the alleged phone calls were faked (Fetzer Par. 7). The government’s failure to produce t he remaining parts of the four planes for inspection also raises questions. This is also the case with the envelop which has never been produced by the government since the incidence occurred (Fetzer Par. 8). In addition, they questions why there was too much delay in the deregistration of the corresponding

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Description and Development Essay

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Analyse geopolitical risk of refugees fleeing from Libya to Europe Essay - 1

Analyse geopolitical risk of refugees fleeing from Libya to Europe - Essay Example Instead, now the greatest threat to Europe’s geopolitical stability is external. Europe has been final destination of majority of immigrants from Africa, Middle East, and Asia. However, after the eruption of democratic revolution, ‘Arab Spring’, in 2011 in Tunisia, which swiftly spread to Syria, Egypt, and Libya, the enormous number of refugees and asylum seekers from these countries and other parts of Africa have been risking own lives in overcrowded, decaying boats to enter Europe. According to the reports of Frontex, the European Union’s border control agency, over millions of migrants from Northern Africa, especially from Libya, have attempted to enter Europe via Mediterranean Sea route in the last 2 years. Libya, which is currently suffering from the clashes between two rival governments and their militia, possesses a serious threat to stability and peace in Europe as major terrorists organizations are regularly threatening to infiltrate Europe with a great number of terrorists through massive migrant flow from Libya to Europe’s s outhern coast. Furthermore, the economic burden and the ineffectiveness of EU to tackle the issue of Libyan refuges is intensifying political and social unrest in affecting states, like Italy, Malta, and France. The present paper highlights the growing issue of North African refugees in Europe, which is significantly affecting the geopolitical stability and peace in the region. The root causes of rapidly increasing number of African refugees fleeing to Europe lies in the 2011 Arab spring and ineffective policies of the EU towards it. In 2011, widespread demonstrations against housing shortages and political corruption in Libya quickly turned into violent clashes between government forces and anti-government rebels. In April 2011, when the Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi was about to succeed in crushing growing opposition of rebels, the US and major European

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Description and Development Essay

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Description and Development - Essay Example ATM was originally conceived as a solution for completely integrating the entire set of communication technologies, starting from the Local Area Network to the IP based systems and the broad band voice and data communication systems. ATM was proposed as the final and ultimate protocol to take care of all the requirements of all communication systems in the world. However, it was found that ATM could satisfy only some of these like ADSL could make full use of it. ATM was not used in its original form on the other devices. The best features and proposals of ATM were incorporated in a number of other standards that came about, typically, MPLS kind of systems. However, ATM has taken a rebirth in terms of the standards that are currently being developed IEC 62365 which provides for both audio and video over IP using ATM technologies. The aim of this paper is to present the asynchronous transfer mode as a standard protocol, its description and development over a period of time. The paper will also look at the places were this is being employed and to what extent these were successful in implementing the systems that are needed for the users. Asynchronous Transfer mode systems integrate Voice, Video and Data. Since it is connected oriented technology, one packet with the same source and destination will travel through the same route. This employs best effort delivery system which would enable performance and bandwidth on demand. Figure 1: Aimed at providing best service (IEC, 2005) ATM as per the standards defined would employ connection oriented, packet-like switching and multiplexing model. It starts by defining the fixed sized cell that comprises of 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header together making up the 53 bytes of cell information. ATM is fundamentally connection oriented. Therefore, it does multiplexing and reserves a route for a specific user on getting a request from the user. Multiplexing such lines over a network either from a user to a destination or from one switch to another would optimize the usage of the network to a great extent. This would save the cost of switching when requests are made one after the other and switch keeps changing the route. ATM also specifies a number of standards on how an user would get connected to an ATM network depending upon the speed of the network. ATM to User interface standards are governed by the ATM UNI standards. ATM has the following three layers: 1. The physical layer 2. ATM Layer 3. ATM adaptation layer The physical layer consists of various media that make up the transmission system, which would eventually transmit from kilobits per second to gigabits per second. The ATM layer defines the cells that make up the data transfer along with the other components; multiplexer that would switch the cell to the specific route that it should take, switches that would transmit data over a high speed switching hardware so that the transmission speed is achieved and finally have necessary software or hardware to take care of the issues that concern the traffic and do traffic management. In the ATM adaptation layer, four different types of data transfer is provided for the ATM system. AAL Type 1 Constant bit rate services AAL Type 2 Variable bit rate services AAL Type 3 / 4 Connectionless services and data protocols AAL Type 5 High Speed

Paper #6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper #6 - Essay Example The end of the Cold War, the changing nature of conflicts since the early 1990s had increased the level of debate over the direction of United States foreign policy. As a consequence of 9 /11 the foreign policy of the United States changed markedly, with the invasion of Afghanistan to remove the Taliban regime and close the Al – Qaeda bases situated there. The Bush administration had previously being criticised for having isolationist tendencies yet in the immediate aftermath of 9 /11 sought greater levels of international co- operation in its self-proclaimed war on terror. The invasion of Afghanistan seemed to have successfully removed the Taliban regime and weaken Al – Qaeda. United States foreign policy has often attempted to gain influence with other countries by establishing strong economic links with them. There have been various reasons for doing so. The United States needs strong economic links as trade is vital for wealth creation both domestic and for foreign trading partners. The strategy of gaining influence through trading with foreign countries was a consequence of the Inter – war period in which American isolationism failed to prevent the Second World War. After the Second World War the onset of the Cold War added urgency to such links as a means of preventing the spread of Communism to Western Europe, South East Asia, Japan, and the Middle East. The United States already a strong economic relationship with Latin America. The economic links with the Middle East and to Western Europe were considered to be highly important due to the need for oil supplies and proximity to the Soviet bloc respectively. The Marshall Plan was developed to shore up the shattered Western European economies after the Second World War, and greatly contributed to Post-war reconstruction, most notably the West German economic miracle. Similar economic aid was given to Japan, which assisted its economic

The Parents and their Children Essay Example for Free

The Parents and their Children Essay The family is the basic unit of society.   It is the first social group one immediately and involuntarily becomes a part of.   The immediate family consists of the father, the mother, and the children.   Ideally, the father is the provider of the family.   He is superior, because he holds the foundation of the family.   If the father is weak, the rest of the family collapses.   The mother is the light of the family.   She is the guiding factor for decision-making in the house.    Ideally, she makes sure the house is in order and whatever the provider gives her, she makes it work.   In order for the family to be happy, the children need to be emotionally and physically loved. In the poem, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps,  the author described  the love-making  between the husband and wife,  and then a baby appears.   It is notable that the parents are delighted to have the baby and was described to be â€Å"this blessing love gives again into our arms.  In turn, the baby is very happy to be with loving and snuggling parents and wants to join.   The baby can feel the acceptance and great love from his parents, so in feeling loved, the author wrote: his face gleaming with satisfaction at being this very child.   (Galway, K. 1980). When fathers partake in taking care of the children even after a hard day’s work, it gives the children a sense of greater comfort to know both parents love them.   In the poem, My Papas Waltz, the boy was dancing with his father: The hand that held my wrist Was battered on one knuckle; At every step you missed My right ear scraped a buckle.   (Roethke, T.   1908-1963.  3rd stanza). In this poem, the boy doesn’t want to go to bed yet.   The first and second line described the hand of the father that was calloused  due to hard work.   Note that the author of this poem lived during the time where most fathers work with hard machinery as factory workers, you can just imagine how tired the father must be at the end of the day.   The third and fourth line described the height of the boy how young and small he was because his ear was just at the waist level of the father.  Ã‚  The father’s technique of putting him to bed was done in a positive way.   He danced and played with his son, even though they made a mess in the kitchen.   The mother in this poem, however, was trying to control her laughter, as stated in the poem: her countenance could not unfrown itself.   (Roethke, T.   1908-1963.  2nd stanza). One is very fortunate if a family is functional.   A functional family is a family where all the members are emotionally and physically sound.   If a family is sound, the parents can be very protective of their children.   They want a good future for their children like any loving parent would.   If something happens to their children out of the ordinary, the parents are the greatest to suffer. If death occurs in the family, the members will normally become depressed.   Killings,  is a story which tells about the parents dealing with the pain of  loss of their son, Frank, due to murder.   Here, one of the siblings has thought of killing the murderer.   The father also bought a .38 gun because he has the same intention too and being  the father, he suffered the most.   His thought for revenge was greatly influenced with his wifes depression, And at nights in bed she would hold Matt and cry, or sometimes she was silent and Matt would touch her tightening arm, her clenched fist.   Eventually, the father killed the murderer.   (Dubus, A. 1979).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In reality, most families are dysfunctional.   The children are the ones greatly affected when this happens.   Barn Burning, is a story of a father hurting his son.   It was accounted many times how the father hit the child, His father struck him with the flat of his hand on the side of the head, hard but without heat, exactly as he had struck the two mules at the store,  and this happened not only once in the story.   It was also described that the child, being just a son, had  always been brushed off whenever he speaks out to his father.  Ã‚  Then the  slapping of the father eventually progressed into  an abuse. The abuse was clearly identified, This time his father didnt strike him.   The hand came even faster than the blow had, the same hand which had set the can on the table with almost excruciating care flashing from the can toward him too quickly for him to follow it, gripping him by the back of his shirt and on to tiptoe before he had seen it quit the can, the face stooping at him in breathless and frozen ferocity, and after that the father wanted the son to be tied up to the bedpost.   The sad part here was that the childs mother, aunt, and siblings were indifferent.   The child was able to run free into the woods, and, like escaping a nightmare, he ran as far away from the house and did not look back.   (Faulkner, W. 1939).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of the father as the provider is indeed very important.   The mother and the children are powerless over the actions of the father because they are dependent on him financially.   The children tolerate abuse from parents because they are too young to become independent.   Moreover, they are still innocent and confused.   If the child grew up with loving parents, most likely the child will be loving and caring too. If the child grew up in an abusive environment, chances are the child will grow up with personality disorders one day.   Children view their parents as their role models, because they mirror themselves to be as strong as them.   In the short story, Barn Burning, although the child ran away, when he learned that his father joined the army,  (which may have caused his fathers leg to be amputated), he was proud.   The father is still the figure of strength in the family.   Ideally, fathers should do their best to provide.   (Faulkner, W. 1939).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If a family member dies, the rest of the family grieves.   Depression is the result of a long grief.   Due to this, family members might think of revenge over the death of a loved one, for instance, the father killed the murderer in the short story, Killings.   The father here didnt act alone, and he was helped by his friend, Willis, to plot  and kill the murderer. At the same time, the father didn’t reveal anything to his wife, although the wife suspected that her husband was plotting to kill the suspect.   Even though the wife knew there was a plot, she was calm and â€Å"waited† for it to happen, in short, she agreed to kill the suspect too.   The father was not a bad person, but the suspect took the life of his son and the sight of the suspect pained him and his wife so much.   In this case, the murder done by the father was justified because of grief.   (Dubus, A. 1979).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is good to know why these poems and short stories are written as such.   Authors write something for a reason.   Their works are forms of expression of their real experiences.   For example, Emily Dickinson wrote â€Å"The Bustle in a House,† which describes â€Å"mourning after death.†   Ã‚  (Dickinson, E. 1866. 1st stanza.).   It may be related to her real life story due to loss of loved ones.   She stated:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The sweeping up the heart   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And putting love away   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We shall not want to use again   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Until eternity.   (Dickinson, E. 1866. 2nd stanza.). Death is a fact of life so one should resume his normal life to be able to recover from depression.   This view of death is also similar to the poem, â€Å"February,† which stated on the last line, â€Å"Get rid of death. Celebrate increase. Make it be spring.† (Atwood, M. 1995). Parents will always â€Å"fear for their children† whether their parental ways are good or bad.   (Dubus, A. 1979).   Parents know the value of having children and it’s priceless.   They just have different ways of showing value.   Some of them treat their children as possessions, because of their fear and insecurities, so there’s a tendency to be abusive.   Still, the love of parents will always be there and they will always be the first ones to grieve over the death of their children.   Grief is associated with love.

Essential Anatomy And Physiology Physical Education Essay

Essential Anatomy And Physiology Physical Education Essay Homeostasis refers to the bodys ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even while continually subjected to external changes. Body temperature, blood volume and heart rate are just a few examples of the hundreds of conditions the body regulates to maintain homeostatic balance. This internal equilibrium is so important that virtually every disease or disorder in the body can be traced to a homeostatic imbalance. The maintenance of homeostasis includes: Control of the water balance of the blood Control of blood sugar level Control of body temperature Control of blood urea level Each of the internal factors are maintained by a separate mechanism that is specific for that factor. However, all the mechanisms for homeostasis share common features: A specific sensor is able to detect the value of the factor being monitored Any deviation from the desired value (norm)is corrected so that the norm is more or less maintained The corrective mechanism involves negative feedback. For the body cells to survive and function properly, the composition and temperature of the fluids around the cells (intestinal fluid) must remain much the same. Corrective mechanism Rise above norm Norm Norm Corrective mechanism Fall below norm Various organ systems of the body act to maintain homeostasis through a combination of hormonal and nervous mechanisms. In everyday life, the body must regulate respiratory gases, protect itself against agents of disease (pathogens), maintain fluid and salt balance regulate energy and nutrient supply, and maintain a constant body temperature. All these must be coordinated and appropriate responses made to incoming stimuli. In addition, the body must be able to repair itself when injured and be capable of reproducing (leaving offspring). The human body must maintain homeostasis in order to function properly and aid in growth and development, disruptions to homeostatic functions can have triggered effects on the growth and development. Normal blood temperatureRegulation of body temperature by Homeostasis: Cold receptors in skin Warm receptors in skin Decrease increase Hypothalamus Heat gain Heat loss Vasodilation of superficial arterioles onset of sweating hair lowered as hair erector muscles relax and decreased metabolic rate. Vasoconstriction of superficial arterioles onset of shivering hair raised by contraction of hair erector muscles and increased metabolic rate. Feedback Feedback Negative feedback in the control of body temperature: Skin vasodilation sweating lowering hairs Heat loss centre in the hypothalamus Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus Rise in blood temp Nerve impulse Nerve Impulse normal blood temp Blood at original temperature turns off corrective mechanisms Positive feedback occurs when the feedback causes the corrective measures to remain turned on, this causes the system to deviate more from the norm. One example is of neurones when a stimulus causes a small influx of sodium ions. Positive feedback occurs when there is a breakdown of control systems. In Certain diseases like typhoid fever, breakdown of temperature regulation resulting in a rise in body temperature leading to hypothermia, and vice versa if the body gets too cold (hypothermia). The human body systems, all play a part in maintaining homeostasis; they all have their own specific roles and parts. The human body systems work together in order to function effectively, no system would be able to work effectively on its own. Organ system Homeostatic function Cardiovascular Transports oxygen, nutrients and hormones secreted by the endocrine glands to tissue cells and transports wastes away from cells; defends against disease; helps control temperature, fluid, and pH balance. digestive Absorbs soluble nutrients after ingesting food and digesting it, eliminates nondigestible remains.   Supplies blood with nutrients and water for tissue cells. respiratory Captures oxygen and exchanges gasses at lungs and tissues, maintains breathing, helps control pH balance.   Supplies blood with oxygen for tissue cells and rids blood of carbon dioxide.   Helps regulate the acid-base balance of the blood. Skeletal Protects the body and provides support for locomotion and movement, stores minerals, produces blood cells. endocrine Coordinates and integrates the activities of other systems by secreting hormones, responding to stress, regulating fluid, pH balance and metabolism.   Works more slowly, with longer-lasting effects than the nervous system. muscular Produces body and internal movement, maintains posture, and produces heat that maintains body temperature.   Protects and supports internal organs. urinary Removes nitrogenous and other metabolic wastes from the bloodstream by excretion, helps control fluid balance, as well as the water-salt, and acid-base balance of the blood. nervous Receives sensory input, integrates and stores input, directs the body, and helps coordinate the activities of all the other organ systems.   It responds quickly to internal and external stimuli. The circulatory system is built up the heart, blood and blood vessels, which services all the cells in the body. Wastes are taken away and exchanged with oxygen and food nutrients. All cells in the body require oxygen and nutrients and they need theyre wastes removed. These are the main roles of the circulatory system. The heart, blood and blood vessels work together to service the cells of the body. Using the network of arteries, veins and capillaries, blood carries carbon dioxide to the lungs (for exhalation) and picks up oxygen. From the small intestine, the blood gathers food nutrients and delivers them to every cell. Components of the cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels Blood Heart is a muscular pumping organ located in the medial to the lungs. The top of the heart, known as the hearts base, connects to the great blood vessels of the body; the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins. Blood vessels are the highways that allow blood flow quickly and efficiently from the heart to regions of the body. Three types of blood vessels, arteries and arterioles, capillaries, and veins and venules. Blood as a connective tissue, transports many substances through the body and helps maintain homeostasis of nutrients, wastes, and gases. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and liquid plasma. All of the organ systems in the body contribute to homeostasis, but the cardiovascular system, the heart and blood vessels is especially important. Without the cardiovascular system none of the other systems can function. The muscular system requires large amounts of oxygen from the cardiovascular system. Muscles cramp and freeze up when they do not get adequate oxygen supply. If in the case the cardiovascular system cannot pump enough oxygen rich blood to the muscles the body is unable to move. The cardiovascular system also helps in maintaining blood volume; it works in conjunction with the kidneys to maintain blood volume and composition. The cardiovascular system provides the blood pressure that the kidneys use to filter waste out of the body. The cardiovascular system and the skin help maintain homeostasis by regulating body temperature. When the body over heats, the blood vessels that serve the skin dilate. The cardiovascular system rushes warm blood to the superficial capillar ies of the skin. Heat from the blood radiates off of the skins surface, cooling the body. When body temperature drops too low, skin capillaries constrict. This prevents warm blood from reaching the surface of the skin. The heart pumps extra blood to the deeper vital organs. Nasal passage Air entering from the nostrils is led to the nasal passages. The nasal cavity that is located behind the nose comprises the nasal passages that form an important part of the respiratory system in human beings. The nasal cavity is responsible for conditioning the air that is received by the nose. The process of conditioning involves warming or cooling the air received by the nose, removing dust particles from it and also moistening it, before it enters the pharynx Pharynx It is located behind the nasal cavity and above the larynx. It is also a part of the digestive system of the human body. Food as well as air passes through the pharynx Larynx Consists of two pairs of membranes. Air causes the vocal cords to vibrate, thus producing sound. The larynx is situated in the neck of mammals and plays a vital role in the protection of the trachea. Trachea Airway through which respiratory air travels bronchi The trachea divided into two main bronchi. The bronchi extend into the lungs spreading in a tree-like manner as bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes subdivide and with each subdivision, their walls get thinner. This dividing of the bronchi into thin-walled tubes results in the formation of bronchioles. The bronchioles terminate in small air chambers, each of which contains cavities known as alveoli. Alveoli have thin walls, which form the respiratory surface. The exchange of gases between the blood and the air takes place through these walls. lungs Lungs form the most vital component of the human respiratory system. They are located on the two sides of the heart. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into blood and releasing carbon dioxide from blood to the atmosphere. The respiratory system is made up of the nasal passage, the pharynx, larynx, the trachea, bronchi and lungs. It is responsible for the process of respiration that is vital to the survival of living beings. Respiration is the process of obtaining and using oxygen, while eliminating carbon dioxide. Breathing occurs when air passes into and out of the lungs; its an involuntary process but can be controlled consciously. Breathing involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs in generated by differences in pressure inside and outside the body. The most important muscle used in breathing is the diaphragm, a muscular sheet between the base and the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm is assisted by the internal and external intercostal (which lie between the ribs) and by the neck and abdominal muscles. A person normally breathes in and out about 500ml (1pt) of air 12-17 times a minute. Breathing involves inhalation followed by exhalation, during inhalation the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract to expand the chest cavity. During forceful inhalation the neck muscles also contract. However during exhalation the chest cavity decreases, and the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax. In order to function, the body cells need oxygen. The respiratory system, w hich consists of air passages, pulmonary vessels, and the lungs, as well as breathing muscles, supplies fresh oxygen to the blood for distribution to the rest of the body tissues. In addition, respiration removes carbon dioxide, a waste product of body processes. Alveoli which are tiny air sacs of the lungs, they are elastic, thin-walled structures that are supplied with air by respiratory bronchioles. Tiny blood capillaries surrounding the alveolar walls allow oxygen to be carried into the bloodstream. In exchange, carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into the alveoli, from where it is exhaled. Gas exchange takes place in the lungs, where carbon dioxide from the blood passes into the alveoli through the respiratory membrane, a thin barrier that has several layers. Oxygen crosses the membrane in the opposite direction, from the alveoli to the blood capillaries. Homeostasis is hence maintained by the respiratory system in two of the following ways: gas exchange and regulation of blood pH. Gas exchange is performed by the lungs by eliminating carbon dioxide, a waste product given off by cellular respiration. As carbon dioxide exits the body, oxygen needed for cellular respiration enters the body through the lungs. ATP, produced by cellular respiration, provides the energy for the body to perform many functions, including nerve conduction and muscle contraction. Lack of oxygen affects brain function, sense of judgment, and a host of other problems. The bodys complex anatomical systems work closely together to support movement, blood circulation, digestion and other basic requirements of life. The muscular system consists of three types of muscle, each with a separate function. The functions of the muscular and skeletal systems are so intricately interconnected that they are often referred to by the single term, the musculoskeletal system. This system consists of bones, joints, tendons, ligaments, skeletal muscles, nerves, cartilage and the voluntary or striated muscles. They work together to protect the brain and internal organs, posture, blood cell formation, and fat storage. Smooth muscles make up important internal organs, like the bladder, arteries and veins. They interact with the digestive system, reproductive system and circulatory system. Smooth muscles control and regulate blood pressure and blood flow. The cardiac muscle is the heart itself, an involuntary muscle that interacts with the circulatory system to supply ox ygen to all the tissues of the body. Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control, meaning we can choose to move them. Movement of smooth muscles and the cardiac muscle is involuntary, under control of the autonomic nervous system. The muscular system also plays an essential role in homeostasis, which is the regulation of internal body temperature. Homeostasis is maintained by the hormones that increase osteoblast activity to build bone, called calcitonin which is released by the thyroid gland, and the release of parathyroid hormone which increases osteoclast activity and is released by the parathyroid glands. As long as both of these function normally, the bone mass stays the same, this is a homeostatic state of bone. If it goes out of balance you will either build too much bone or loose bone mass and develop osteoporosis. The nervous system is the bodys decision and communication centre.  The central nervous system (CNS) is made of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made of nerves. Together they control every part of a persons daily life, from breathing and blinking to helping people to memorize facts for a test. Nerves reach from the brain to the face, ears, eyes, nose, and spinal cord, and from the spinal cord to the rest of your body. Sensory nerves gather information from the environment; send that info to the spinal cord, which then speed the message to the brain. The brain then makes sense of that message and fires off a response. Motor neurons deliver the instructions from the brain to the rest of your body. The spinal cord, made of a bundle of nerves running up and down the spine, is similar to a superhighway, speeding messages to and from the brain at every second. The CNS controls homeostasis as well as depends on it. The CNS controls homeostasis by us ing its receptors to sense changes in the bodys internal environment. E.g., certain receptors in the aorta monitor carbon dioxide and  oxygen  concentration in the blood. This information is relayed to the brain (most functions are controlled by the hypothalamus), and again through the CNS, the effector organs are signalled. Eg To increase or decrease the rate of breathing in response to carbon dioxide/oxygen concentration. The CNS comprises of nerve cells that depend on a very stable internal environment, especially in terms of sodium and potassium concentrations, without which it cannot function properly. Book References Author date title origin Publisher Oxford college CC unit 2 material Saffery and Stewart (eds) 2008, Maintaining the whole: human biology and health book3, The open university Web References Author Title of article or page online Web address Date accessed Kevin Berman, MD, PhD, Atlanta Center for Dermatologic Disease, Atlanta, GA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang. Circulatory system Image http://www.upmc.com/health-library/pages/adam.aspx?gencontentid=8747productid=1projectid=2returnurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upmc.com%2Fhealth-library%2Fpages%2Fadam.aspx%3Fgencontentid%3D003869%26productid%3D1%26projectid%3D1 14/02/13 Respiratory system image http://www.medical-exam-essentials.com/respiratory-system-diagram.html 20/02/13 Central nervous system image http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/19588.jpgimgrefurl=http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/19588.htmh=320w=400sz=27tbnid=uaHe_Ze8E0PioM:tbnh=90tbnw=113prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcentral%2Bnervous%2Bsystem%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Duzoom=1q=central+nervous+systemusg=__SOXGCJUKqZxnuqbAYKyXdeWzMjI=docid=0is3P-6lanlgyMhl=ensa=Xei=MOEkUdHjB-Sp0AX41YGgDwsqi=2ved=0CE8Q9QEwAwdur=588 20/02/13 Journal References Author Title of article Name of journal Volume and issue Year

Comparing Dover Beach and Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay

A Comparison of the Victorian and Modernist Perceptions as Exemplified by Dover Beach and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock    Matthew Arnold and T.S. Eliot, in their respective poems, share a sense of alienation, not only from other people but from nature and God as well. Arnold is writing in an age when the place of man in the universe is coming into question, for the first time since the advent of Christianity. He can no longer take the same solace in nature and the love of God that his Romantic predecessors did. While Arnold comments on isolation, however, he still addresses himself to a lover in Dover Beach, whereas Prufrock is presented as a man who has completely retreated within himself. Eliot's isolation is total. In the industrialized age of Arnold, people no longer were able to look upon nature for inspiration; the unpopulated country of Wordsworth's time was no longer accessible to a centralized people. The increased pace of life and urban crowding obviated the Romantic's luxury of reflection in natural solitude. While the poet observes nature in Dover Beach, the experience is metaphorically useful, but not an end unto itself, nor does it bring any comfort. Rather, Arnold uses the futility that he sees in the ocean's tides to illustrate the fruitlessness of human endeavor. Although the sea appears calm [line 1], beneath the surface there is this almost cruel drama being played out, as the pebbles are dragged and flung by the waves and dragged back again, producing a "grating roar." [lines 9-12] The image of human beings as pebbles on the sand recurs in the third stanza, when Arnold refers to the "Sea of Faith" which has withdrawn and left the rocks exposed as "naked shingles." Eliot later a lso repudiates t... ...he colloquial almost instantaneously. Arnold's final paragraph serves a sort of summing-up of Dover Beach as a whole. At the conclusion of Prufrock, Eliot leaps into an apparently tangential thought about mermaids. It's not his job to explain what Prufrock is talking about. Eliot has turned the enigma of modern living into a poem, rather than using his work to provide an answer to the questions that humanity must deal with. Arnold seems to be mourning for a time past when people could look to faith for answers to questions of import. Eliot acknowledges that those days will never return and instead encourages the reader to apply a personal meaning to The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Works Cited: T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed. Vol. 2. ed. M. H. Abrams New York, London: Norton, 1993.